Honor in Henry Iv, Part I Â Falstaff vs. Hotspur

Honor In Henry IV, Part I Ââ€" Falstaff vs. Hotspur According to F. Scott Fitzgerald, The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function. Indeed, very few people have this quality, the playwright William Shakespeare being one of them. In many of his plays, Henry IV, Part One among them, Shakespeare juxtaposes different worldviews, ideologies, and even environments. His characters usually provide a clear example of a split among them in one of many perspectives. One of his characters in Henry IVÂâ€"FalstaffÂâ€"is first seen as an endearing, uproariously funny scoundrel and later reveals himself more of a lowlife with his view of honorÂâ€"he seems†¦show more content†¦He says I like not such grinning honor as Sir Walter hath: give me life, which if I can save, so; if not, honor comes unlocked for, and theres an end. (V, iii) Thus, honor is, as Falstaff says, nothing more than a word, for it expresses a concept, which can be c onveniently twisted to support whatever side of any battle that one is on. Hotspur, on the other hand, is always seen as honorable even though he has caused this whole war; there is no way, therefore, for anyone to correctly say what brings honor and what dishonors. The second time the word honor appears in the play, it is on the lips of Hotspur, who is damning the King and urging his father and Worcester to redeem / [their] banishd honors and [to] restore [them]selves... (I, iii). The reader can easily see Shakespeares notion that the concept of honor and its embodiment seldom come together in the reality of a single personÂâ€"certainly the way that Hotspur wants his father and uncle to redeem themselves (by dethroning the king) is not very honorable, yet his honor is from battles won in the kings name. So despite his treasonous thoughts, his honor from battle remains with him for the rest of his life, as even the prince calls him valiant. (V, i) Both Hotspur and the King believed in the undegenerate chivalric conception of honor, which was a lofty one. Under it, trial by battle, and war, became religious affairs. Hotspur also talks of honor as a symbol for a trophy of victory: heShow MoreRelated The Character of Falstaff in Shakespeares Henry IV, Part I Essay1876 Words   |  8 PagesThe Character of Falstaff in Henry IV, Part I      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares genius in character and plot development is exemplified in two of his most complex history plays, Richard II and Henry IV, Part I. With these sequential plays, Shakespeare vividly develops characters and sets up complicated plots by juxtapositioning people with others. Specifically, he first creates a binary opposition between Richard and Bolingbrook in Richard II, and then, recalls the plot and carries out an almost mirror

Social And Cultural Change Prompted - 1187 Words

Social and Cultural Change Prompted by Technology Textile, steam, and metallurgy based innovations amounted to a legacy in Britain and a precedent for future industrial revolutions for other countries. As urbanization became a phenomenon in Britain, people migrated to the city centers in an effort to find employment and waged labor. New technological advancements, during Britain’s Industrial Revolution, prompted change in society and culture. The increased demand for British goods resulted in merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production, which led to the rise of mechanization and the factory system. The separation of social classes and labor was one major effect of the inventions. Also, women and children were the new solution for long, hard hours and lower pay. Cultural changes were a direct result of this increase in technological developments, reshaping familial relations and daily life, while leaving an agriculturally based culture. The most important change in society and societal views, that resulted from new technology in everyday life, was a larger separation in classes and wages. As technology emerged, a new class system followed. Before the industrial revolution, the average lifespan was higher, the economy was stimulated by agriculture, and, above all, there was little division in social class and labor. With small scale productions, the agricultural sector was self sufficient. However, as more people flocked to the cities in search of employment inShow MoreRelatedThe Attacks of 9/11 and the Subsequent Global War on Terror: Primordialist and Constructivist Perceptions1439 Words   |  6 Pagessubsequent Global War on Terror, in terms of political identity? Do you see it in primordial terms? How would a primordialist and constructivist each explain these events? Primordialism The primordialist view would suggest that the attacks were prompted by irreconcilable differences between Islamic culture and the West and that Islam felt threatened by the West. Essentially it states that ethnic groups and nationalities exist because there are traditions of belief and action towards primordialRead MoreSummary : Manliness 1691 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Yarbrough SPM4012 – Hawzen 4-3-16 MANLINESS IN SOCIETY Manliness is depicted as ownership of properties considered regular of a man. Hegemonic manliness is a type of manly character with social optimism and accentuation that interfaces manliness to aggressiveness, durability, and ladies subordination. Manliness hegemonic is the requirement of male territory over a general public. Manly belief system goes back to the season of agrarian and the modernRead MoreAfrican Americans Participation During The Civil War1509 Words   |  7 Pagesacknowledge their struggles and transformed the war into a fight for reconnection and freedom. Though hindered by racist people and policies, the African Americans’ participation during the war and Reconstruction greatly contributed to tremendous cultural change as well as the securing of legal rights to blacks. The African American’s desire to fight and support the war effort caused the country to not only recognize their struggle, but shift the goal of the war to the freeing of slaves in bondage. NearRead MoreMulticultural Education int the United States1665 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different types of people, each one having his or her cultural background. Over the years, the United States has become increasingly populated with cultural diversity. This influx has prompted school administrators to recognize the need to incorporate multicultural programs into their school environment including classroom settings, school wide activities, and curriculum as it becomes more evident that the benefits of teaching cultural diversity within the school setting will positively influenceRead MoreSociology, Anthropology, By Lewis Binford932 Words   |  4 Pagesshort comings of a cultural historic approach, and provides suggestions of improvement that have been applied and even built upon in c ontemporary archaeology. These improvements are discussed by looking at three major functional sub-classes of material culture, with regard to the processes of change, and then applied in the context of the utilization of native copper in eastern North America. 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The social, economic, and political issues and circumstances that took place many years ago are the foundation of who America is today. Most Americans do not realize how many people were affected by immigration, or understand the real struggles and sacrifices that the indigenous people and the colonists made for the freedoms we have today. During these historical events, many cultural, social, and economical events were impacted. Historical Contributions

Spanish National Anthem Free Essays

At times, our political and cultural landscape can seem like an endless parade of divisive controversy. We cannot agree, so why not disagree—and disagree loudly? The latest war of debate and rhetoric centers around the presence of illegal aliens within our country’s borders. Should they stay? Should they go? While the subjects themselves protest in the streets, individuals of all creeds and colors are waging a ping-pong of protests across air waves and across coffee tables. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish National Anthem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through these spirited arguments, a symbol of the nation’s division has emerged, and—ironically enough—it is one of the core symbols of America itself. The current battleground in the illegal immigration debate concerns the recent release of a Spanish version of the United States national anthem. Titled â€Å"Nuestro Himno† (â€Å"Our Anthem†), the controversial translation of â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner† is being produced by Urban Box Office president and British-born Adam Kidron; it is being performed by popular Latin stars such as Wyclef Jean, Pitbull, Olga Tanon, and Carlos Ponce (Associated Press, 2006). Is this translation an attempt at American assimilation, as its defenders claim? I believe that the answer is no. If the song were a true attempt at honoring America, it might be understandable. However, â€Å"Nuestro Himno† is nothing more than a political tool whose purpose is more division. Further, it is an indirect assault on one of our nation’s most sacred symbols. The song’s producer defends its release by claiming that it is a means for more people  to understand and learn the national anthem: â€Å"There’s no attempt to usurp anything. The intent is to communicate†¦.and also express to express gratitude and patriotism to the United States†¦.† However, in the very same interview, Kidron (the producer) reveals a deeper intention: â€Å"I wanted to show my thanks to these people (who)†¦.do the jobs I don’t want to do† (Associated Press, 2006). This song is being released less as an ode to America and more of an ode to illegal immigrants. If not, then why was the song’s release timed to coincide with the immigration protests and Congress’ debates about illegal immigration? Why are a large chunk of the profits produced by the song going to immigration groups? Why did the record label encourage Latin-themed radio stations to concurrently play the song at a certain time, in a show of â€Å"solidarity†? Why do many of these radio station employees (whom one would expect to be the strongest supporters) question the motives of the song? â€Å"We should be trying to assimilate, not aggravate,† says one Latin radio host. An immigration web magazine writer adds, â€Å"If you want to say all those things, by all means, put them on your poster board, but don’t put them on the national anthem† (Associated Press, 2006). And what â€Å"things† is the latter referring to? It seems that in June the song will be released as a remix, and several lines will be added to the song, including: â€Å"These kids have no parents, cause all of these mean laws †¦ let’s not start a war with all these hard workers, they can’t help where they were born† (Wides-Munoz, 2006). This remix begs the question, When did â€Å"mean laws† become an adjective for â€Å"gratitude and patriotism†? This song is not a celebration or even a mere translation of the national anthem. It is literal rewriting and bastardization of our country’s symbolic history into a weapon of political propaganda. Sure, pop, rock, and country versions of the anthem may exist, but all of these versions honor the words of the song. Yet not one verse of â€Å"Nuestro Himno† stays true to the English-versed national anthem. Following is one excerpt of the translation: The glow of battle, in step with liberty My people keep fighting It’s time to break the chains At night they said: â€Å"It’s being defended!† Oh say! Your starry beauty is still unfolding. (Online extra, 2006) How many words do we find in this version that are also included in the original?†¦two. Could anyone even say (without deep examination) which verse of the national anthem this â€Å"translation† derives from? Sad to say, the first question which enters my mind upon reading this verse is who â€Å"My people† are? Is the song remembering the American soldiers who fought for their country, as Francis Scott Key did? Or is â€Å"My people† simply another coded ode to illegal  immigrants? â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner† is a celebration of all that America stands for. Its author  poured these lyrics out of his soul in a burst of inspiration. Something stirred inside him as he  witnessed his flag flying proudly, withstanding a night full of â€Å"bombs† and â€Å"rockets† from  enemy forces. The poem (and subsequent song) captured the bravery, loyalty, and independence  which that flag came to symbolize. Why did these verses survive over a century—faithfully sung  in everything from bars to baseball games?   Why did the song officially become our national  anthem in 1931? It spoke to the hearts of the American people, and to the soul of America itself. As the president himself says, â€Å"One of the important things here is that we not lose our national  soul† (Associated Press, 2006). If we allow our country’s most sacred symbols to be tarnished by  politics, we will lose. The only way to ensure that does not happen with our national anthem is to  preserve it and protect it in the form which its creator intended: English. Assimilation means  blending in, and America is for all intents and purposes an English-speaking nation. A Spanish  national anthem does not assimilate our principles; it rejects them. We do not change our national animal symbol (the bald eagle) because some might prefer  a turkey. We do not alter our national colors because some might be offended by red, white, and  blue. And we never, ever compromise our American democracy: USA Today/Gallup Poll: 69%–the national anthem should only be sung in English References Associated Press. (2006). Oh say can you see the national anthem in Spanish? Retrieved May 2,   2006, from CNN.com: http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/04/28/anthem.inspanish.ap/ Online extra: English translation of Spanish-language version of national anthem. (2006). Retrieved May 2, 2006, from Salt Lake Tribune: http://www.sltrib.com/ ci_3764054? source=rss Wides-Munoz, Laura. (2006). Spanish ‘Star-Spangled Banner’ draws ire. Retrieved   May 2, 2006, from My Way News: http://apnews.myway.com/article/ 20060428/ How to cite Spanish National Anthem, Essay examples

Spanish National Anthem Free Essays

At times, our political and cultural landscape can seem like an endless parade of divisive controversy. We cannot agree, so why not disagree—and disagree loudly? The latest war of debate and rhetoric centers around the presence of illegal aliens within our country’s borders. Should they stay? Should they go? While the subjects themselves protest in the streets, individuals of all creeds and colors are waging a ping-pong of protests across air waves and across coffee tables. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish National Anthem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through these spirited arguments, a symbol of the nation’s division has emerged, and—ironically enough—it is one of the core symbols of America itself. The current battleground in the illegal immigration debate concerns the recent release of a Spanish version of the United States national anthem. Titled â€Å"Nuestro Himno† (â€Å"Our Anthem†), the controversial translation of â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner† is being produced by Urban Box Office president and British-born Adam Kidron; it is being performed by popular Latin stars such as Wyclef Jean, Pitbull, Olga Tanon, and Carlos Ponce (Associated Press, 2006). Is this translation an attempt at American assimilation, as its defenders claim? I believe that the answer is no. If the song were a true attempt at honoring America, it might be understandable. However, â€Å"Nuestro Himno† is nothing more than a political tool whose purpose is more division. Further, it is an indirect assault on one of our nation’s most sacred symbols. The song’s producer defends its release by claiming that it is a means for more people  to understand and learn the national anthem: â€Å"There’s no attempt to usurp anything. The intent is to communicate†¦.and also express to express gratitude and patriotism to the United States†¦.† However, in the very same interview, Kidron (the producer) reveals a deeper intention: â€Å"I wanted to show my thanks to these people (who)†¦.do the jobs I don’t want to do† (Associated Press, 2006). This song is being released less as an ode to America and more of an ode to illegal immigrants. If not, then why was the song’s release timed to coincide with the immigration protests and Congress’ debates about illegal immigration? Why are a large chunk of the profits produced by the song going to immigration groups? Why did the record label encourage Latin-themed radio stations to concurrently play the song at a certain time, in a show of â€Å"solidarity†? Why do many of these radio station employees (whom one would expect to be the strongest supporters) question the motives of the song? â€Å"We should be trying to assimilate, not aggravate,† says one Latin radio host. An immigration web magazine writer adds, â€Å"If you want to say all those things, by all means, put them on your poster board, but don’t put them on the national anthem† (Associated Press, 2006). And what â€Å"things† is the latter referring to? It seems that in June the song will be released as a remix, and several lines will be added to the song, including: â€Å"These kids have no parents, cause all of these mean laws †¦ let’s not start a war with all these hard workers, they can’t help where they were born† (Wides-Munoz, 2006). This remix begs the question, When did â€Å"mean laws† become an adjective for â€Å"gratitude and patriotism†? This song is not a celebration or even a mere translation of the national anthem. It is literal rewriting and bastardization of our country’s symbolic history into a weapon of political propaganda. Sure, pop, rock, and country versions of the anthem may exist, but all of these versions honor the words of the song. Yet not one verse of â€Å"Nuestro Himno† stays true to the English-versed national anthem. Following is one excerpt of the translation: The glow of battle, in step with liberty My people keep fighting It’s time to break the chains At night they said: â€Å"It’s being defended!† Oh say! Your starry beauty is still unfolding. (Online extra, 2006) How many words do we find in this version that are also included in the original?†¦two. Could anyone even say (without deep examination) which verse of the national anthem this â€Å"translation† derives from? Sad to say, the first question which enters my mind upon reading this verse is who â€Å"My people† are? Is the song remembering the American soldiers who fought for their country, as Francis Scott Key did? Or is â€Å"My people† simply another coded ode to illegal  immigrants? â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner† is a celebration of all that America stands for. Its author  poured these lyrics out of his soul in a burst of inspiration. Something stirred inside him as he  witnessed his flag flying proudly, withstanding a night full of â€Å"bombs† and â€Å"rockets† from  enemy forces. The poem (and subsequent song) captured the bravery, loyalty, and independence  which that flag came to symbolize. Why did these verses survive over a century—faithfully sung  in everything from bars to baseball games?   Why did the song officially become our national  anthem in 1931? It spoke to the hearts of the American people, and to the soul of America itself. As the president himself says, â€Å"One of the important things here is that we not lose our national  soul† (Associated Press, 2006). If we allow our country’s most sacred symbols to be tarnished by  politics, we will lose. The only way to ensure that does not happen with our national anthem is to  preserve it and protect it in the form which its creator intended: English. Assimilation means  blending in, and America is for all intents and purposes an English-speaking nation. A Spanish  national anthem does not assimilate our principles; it rejects them. We do not change our national animal symbol (the bald eagle) because some might prefer  a turkey. We do not alter our national colors because some might be offended by red, white, and  blue. And we never, ever compromise our American democracy: USA Today/Gallup Poll: 69%–the national anthem should only be sung in English References Associated Press. (2006). Oh say can you see the national anthem in Spanish? Retrieved May 2,   2006, from CNN.com: http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/04/28/anthem.inspanish.ap/ Online extra: English translation of Spanish-language version of national anthem. (2006). Retrieved May 2, 2006, from Salt Lake Tribune: http://www.sltrib.com/ ci_3764054? source=rss Wides-Munoz, Laura. (2006). Spanish ‘Star-Spangled Banner’ draws ire. Retrieved   May 2, 2006, from My Way News: http://apnews.myway.com/article/ 20060428/ How to cite Spanish National Anthem, Essay examples

Have You Come a Long Way Baby Essay Example For Students

Have You Come a Long Way Baby? Essay Flatland vs. Modern Culture The treatment of women and the handicapped in the modern world has changed little, as illustrated by Edwin A. Abbotts book Flatland, which was written as a social satire over one hundred years ago. Physically life in Flatland differs greatly from our own, but socially many similarities are evident between the two worlds. According to the politics of Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland women are regarded as inferior (12). In Despite of few distinguishing physical characteristics to discriminate against, from a Flatlanders point of view, women are considered the frailer sex. Inferiority is determined by the intellect of the female in relation to male. Since educational opportunities for women do not exist in Flatland, it is not difficult to refuse rights to those who are unaware that they have rights. The frailer sex must constantly make its appearance known in public because of the lethal capabilities they possess. The capacity to inflict such harm has prompted the powerful male upper classes to limit the opportunities of the inferior gender. When opportunities arise that decrease the barrier such as the passing of the Colour Bill, they are quickly stifled to maintain the balance of power that has been established. Indicated here by the Chief Circle if the Colour Bill passed, .. . fraud, deception, and hypocrisy would pervade every household. Sooner than this, He cried, Come death. (33). This Anti-suffrage speech indicates that the Chief Circle would rather perish than share rights with a woman. It is incomprehensible to most men in this society to believe an educated woman may be just as capable as they themselves are. The situation described in Flatland sounds very bleak, but until recently similar conditions existed in the United States, and though progress has been made still do exist. Very much like Flatland women were also kept from getting an education, and to some extent are still expected to take on traditionally female roles such as nursing and child care when entering into schools. It was very important to keep females out of the classroom for the same reasons given in Flatland. Women were dangerous to mens jobs and egos, and also would harm the domestic bliss that women had to work so hard to maintain. Today women are striving for equal rights but many have realized that they are still not making the progress they should be, women are finding a glass ceiling in many corporate work environments. The glass ceiling refers to the inability of women to find top positions in corporations many are found in the upper level of a business but are very rarely in control. American women were also not given the right to vote until the late twentys this is relatively recent and were only given the right on the assumption that their husbands had control over who they cast their vote for. Similarities also occur in the treatment of the handicapped. In Flatland irregular sides and angles are considered handicaps. The children born with these defects will be unable to live a normal life, they will be less intelligent and looked down upon by society. Children born with defects are immediately destroyed so that the community will not have to deal with the problems of a handicapped child and to keep the risk of having more handicapped children low. To some families in Flatland a child with an insufficient number of sides may be considered handicapped, many of these children were sent to have their sides broken in order to double the number of sides they have, although this process was risky many Flatlanders felt it was the only acceptable option a glad procession bears back the little one to his exultant parents, no longer a polygon . .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 , .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .postImageUrl , .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 , .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777:hover , .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777:visited , .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777:active { border:0!important; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777:active , .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777 .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81841628f8fe0d3519c3730701d65777:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anthropology Defined Essay.. at least by courtesy (36). This statement shows that appearances are everything in this society though the child may not have the development of a circle he will be perceived as one. In modern society the handicapped are often thought of as a burden rather than a needy human being. Tests now show if a child will be handicapped even before birth so the decision to carry out the pregnancy may be made then, still handicapped children are often abandoned or sent to institutions to be cared for. The termination of a pregnancy on account of a handicapped child may be compared to the destruction of any irregular children born to Flatland parents. Appearances of .

Understanding Cities and Regions

Understanding cities and regions is a significantly complicate and confusing task. This process enables individuals and government agencies to effectively plan for resource distribution and management of regions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Cities and Regions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A city refers to an entity that occupies space or an element in a network of urban centres. On the other hand, a region entails an intermediary entity that occupies a position in the continuum of a country and a city (Frey 2007, p. 112). In this regard, the distinction of the two entities involves the analysis of spatial and temporal comparisons, structural change, design and the implementation of policies. Sometimes, disagreements arise regarding when the categorising of a city as a region and vice versa. Similarly, cities and regions share multiple traits. These include their representation of an open syst em with respect to trade, factor mobility, and government transfers (Short 1996, p. 424). Nevertheless, a detail analysis of the two economic entities will depict the fundamental difference that supersedes the mere analysis concerning the dimensions of the area or population. From the inception of the concept of urbanisation, several elements of an urban area have been considered in evaluating the components of a city. Classically, cities were considered urban areas that exhibited economical, social, and political influences on people. In this regard, various theories attempt to explain the origin and development of urban areas.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theories that have clearly elicited how urban areas originated in the past include hydraulic, economic, military, and religious theories (Parr 2008, p. 3012). All these theories identify the need of populations’ confederation. The theories have similar primary characteristics concerning size, specialisation of labour, class-structured society and state organisation. Notably, the population, environment, technology, and social organisation influenced the emergence of urban areas. Overtime, the rating of the urban areas with the focus on industrial production underwent considerable transformations. At the same time, industrial capitalism input a crucial element in the industrial cities’ definition. During this transition period, the urban areas were segregated to accommodate the needs of all individuals as per their classes. Quartering such as luxury areas, gentrified city, suburban, tenement, and abandon cities existed. All these quarters catered for the needs of the mighty and the poor in the society. After the industrial period, the urban areas transformed to the postmodern cities. In this regard, the adoption of restructuring in the economic, social, and political segments was nec essary. The restructuring of the economic base in the urban areas involved a fundamental change in the organisation and technology of the industrial production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Cities and Regions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, it led to the formation of a global system of world cities through the spatial division of labour and specialisation (Clapp 1971, p. 128). Similarly, a change in social structure was witness because of the social fragmentation created by the wide gap between the rich and the poor. Nevertheless, there was an increase in the radical restructuring of the urban forms like megacity, metroplex, technoburb, technopolis, and exopolis to accommodate the change in the urban imagery. Historically, the imagery of the cities influenced the urban areas’ rating. In this regard, myths and ideologies were developed to describe the exact nature of urban a reas (Hufschmidt 1969, p.88). The common anti-urban myths included unnatural, anonymous, sin, or treat cities. The pro-urban views included the civilized, soft, free, or radical cities. Progressively, urban ideologies emerged which help to characterise the nature of a city as a wannabee world, clean and green or ‘look! No more factories’ city. At that time, cities were categorised with regard to the cost of living, employment and crime rates, arts and climate. Evidently, multiple means of evaluating cities have been formulated. Additionally, presently, competition is no longer regional or national, but globally. Therefore, In this regard, it is crucial for any city to identify its market niche and create a favourable image. Apparently, the region definition has been the main area of interest in distinguishing between regions and cities. Analytically, regions cut across the various approaches of interest like economics, geography, planning, politics, and sociology. Thus, regions focus on the economic, social, political, cultural, and ecological changes (Pike 2007, p. 1145). Evidently, regions exhibit contemporary controversies about space, place, and scale.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, researchers have embarked on studies to establish the standards of analysis and evidence of regions. Notably, most researchers agree that regions should be categorised depending on the data specification, collection, and analysis in more open, unbound, and discontinuous spatial units other than the space, place, and scale. The role of governance, policy, and politics in the regional level is essential in the definition of a region. The emergent forms of governance regarding participatory and democratic leadership with new geographies of devolution and multi-layering clearly depicts the definition of a region. Similarly, the use of regions to shape, develop, and deliver policies determine their definition (Stiftel 2005, p. 220). Additionally, power relations are critical in evaluating regions’ interests and development. This implies that the initiative of contesting demands the collective provision and interpretation of governance of regional firm networks. Theref ore, it is crucial to realise that regions have more importance to contesters as they promote the emergence of spatial imaginaries at the city-region and local levels. Consequently, the main requirement of regional studies is to reflect on the need to articulate the normative content and intent of people’s work towards sustainable development at the local and regional levels. In defining regions, it is critical to adopt the Meyer’s classification of economies approach. This approach defines regions with respect to spatial differentiation. In this regard, there are the homogeneous, nodal, and programming regions (Salet 2003, p. 125). The homogeneous approach reflects on the regions that exhibit differentiating factors, but similar uniform terms of a certain criteria. This approach’s use has been significant with the analysis of economic activities. The nodal regions adopt the fact that there are nodes or market areas within the surrounding of the suburban areas t hat supply the nodes. Additionally, the government’s implementations of policies that create differentiating factors influence the programming regions. All these forms the influencing factors of a region explain the exact nature of a region. The process of contrasting regions and cities demands the analysis of regions space, scale, and social factors. Initially, the first contrast entails the definition of cities or regions with regard to the spatial-sectored factors, interaction between zones, external interaction or scale and change. The spatial-sectored structures refer the combination of the urban area (C zone) and the hinterland or surrounding regions (S zone). The interaction between zones entails how the C zone and S zone symbiotically relate with respect to their economic interdependence (Pacione 2005, p. 44). The external interactions depict how two different zones interact without losing their sight to the external economic relations. Similarly, scale and change por tray the extensiveness of an area and the frequency of changes in such regions. In this regard, adequate attention on the spatial structure and the change emerging due to evolution is vital. Another contrasting element of the types of regions is the polycentric urban region (PUR). This component entails the spatial structure, patterns of interaction and economic prospects of PUR. The spatial structure entails the grouping of urban areas that meet certain conditions such as the clustered distribution of urban areas, maximum and minimum spacing, lack of direct relationship between centres and any dominance, and the average level of interaction between centres. The patterns of interaction entail the labour-market interaction between centres. The economic prospects refer to the formation of a metropolitan area without its accompanying disadvantages. This fosters the efficient delivery of services and the adoption of appropriate system of governance. There are other ways of identifying P UR. These include the alternative interpretation of regions and polycentric megacity region (Stilwell 1992, p. 128). This enables the identification and distinction of cities and regions. References Clapp, J. A. (1971). New towns and urban policy; planning metropolitan growth. Dunellen: New York. Frey, H., Yaneske, P. (2007). Visions of sustainability: cities and regions. Taylor Francis: London. Hufschmidt, M. M. (1969). Regional planning; challenge and prospects. Praeger: New York. Pacione, M. (2005). 3. Urban geography : global perspective (pp. 22-57). Routledge: New York, NY. Parr, J. B. (2008). Cities and regions: problems and potentials. Environment and Planning, 40, 3009-3026. Pike, A. (2007). Editorial: Whither Regional Studies?. Centre for Urban and RegionalDevelopment Studies (CURDS), 41(9), 1143-1148. Salet, W. G. (2003). Metropolitan governance and spatial planning: comparative case studies of European city-regions. Spon Press: London. Short, J. R. (1996). 18. The urban order : an introduction to cities, culture, and power (pp. 414-438). Blackwell Publishers: Cambridge, Mass., USA. Stiftel, B., Watson, V. (2005). Dialogues in urban and regional planning. Routledge: London. Stilwell, F. J. (1992). Understanding cities regions: spatial political economy. Pluto Press Australia: Leichhardt, NSW. This essay on Understanding Cities and Regions was written and submitted by user Alvin Hardin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Controversey in Iraq essays

Controversey in Iraq essays The Presidential election of this year was a very important one. This was mainly due to the conflicting feelings of Americans regarding the war in Iraq. The polls leading up to the election showed a divided nation, half for Bush, and half for Kerry. Since the election has now come and gone, it seems as though the majority of our country is for the war and how President Bush is handling it. I must admit, I am not part of the majority when it comes to this issue. I voted for Senator Kerry, and I am opposed to the situation in Iraq. What it comes down to is that our President is telling our country that we are fighting the war on terror, but the fact is we are not fighting in the right place. Iraq is not the key to stopping the terror. Yes, taking over Iraq may have deterred a few of the terrorists, but many other countries are still a much larger threat. For instance, before the September 11 attacks, the United States estimated that North Korea possibly had possession of one weapon of mass destruction, since we have invaded Iraq, North Korea definitely has at least five weapons of mass destruction that we know about. While the US has been preoccupied with the mess in Iraq, the countries that really do pose a threat, pose an even bigger threat today. As I stated earlier, the majority of our country is for this war. This war is being done to spread democracy and stop a tyrannical ruler that is harming his people. These pro-war people argue that by attacking Iraq we would find the link to Al Queda we were fighting for. This is not true. The CIA gave the President faulty intelligence. There is and never has been a link between the two. The President explained to our country eighteen months ago that we were going to Iraq for several reasons. They were: Iraq contained weapons of mass destruction, this was a link to stop Al Queda, and this was a last resort to stop terror. So far, a year and a half later of being at war...